Nonresidential parents were also asked to provide data. Although there are ethnic minorities and immigrant families to varying degrees, the samples in the other participating countries identified with the major cultural group of the country.
The sample size for each country is presented in Table 1 ; countries did not differ by child age or gender. Letters describing the study were sent home with children, and parents were asked to return a signed form if they were willing to be contacted about the study in some countries and contacted by phone to follow up on the letter in other countries.
Families were then enrolled in the study until the target sample size was reached in each country. Furthermore, children were sampled from schools serving high-, middle-, and low-income families in the approximate proportion which these income groups represented in the local population.
These sampling procedures resulted in an economically diverse sample that ranged from low income to high income within each site. The study measures and procedures were approved by an ethics committee in each participating country, and participants were treated ethically in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Children signed statements of assent. In these statements, participants acknowledged that they understood that concerns about child abuse would be reported as required by law. Locally accepted practices and resources in each site were used in five cases in which interviewers became concerned that physical abuse was occurring.
In addition, we had lists of available sources of help with parenting issues and other types of assistance in each site that could be conveyed to parents if the need arose. The entire interview lasted 1. Mothers and fathers were given the option of participating orally or in writing; all children were interviewed orally. Rating scales were provided in the form of visual aids to help parents and children remember the response options as they answered questions.
The amounts varied across countries so that the compensation was appropriately motivating without being coercive. Using items developed by UNICEF [ 21 ] for their Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, mothers and fathers were asked whether they or anyone in their household had used each of six forms of corporal punishment with the target child in the last month.
The mild physical discipline indicator reflected the proportion of parents who indicated that they or someone in their household had used one or more of the following forms of corporal punishment with the child in the last month: spanking, hitting, or slapping with a bare hand; hitting or slapping on the hand, arm, or leg; shaking; or hitting with an object.
The severe physical discipline indicator reflected the proportion of parents who indicated that they or someone in their household had used one or both of the following forms of corporal punishment with the child in the last month: hitting or slapping the child on the face, head, or ears; beating the child repeatedly with an implement this final item was not asked in the United States.
Children were asked how frequently in the last year their mothers and their fathers disciplined them in each of those ways. The two sets of questions about corporal punishment used different timeframes because they were designed to elicit different kinds of information from the respondents.
The dichotomous questions about whether any of the six forms of corporal punishment had been used in the last month were designed to assess recent behavior. Seventeen percent of parents believed that it was necessary to use corporal punishment to rear the target child. Table 1 shows the proportions of parents within each country who had used mild corporal punishment and severe corporal punishment with girls and boys in the last month.
As shown, larger proportions of parents used mild corporal punishment with boys than girls in China and Kenya, and a larger proportion of parents used severe corporal punishment with boys than girls in Italy.
The proportions of parents in Colombia, Jordan, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States who reported using corporal punishment with girls and boys in the last month did not significantly differ. As shown in Table 2 , larger proportions of both mothers and fathers in China believed that it was necessary to use corporal punishment with boys than with girls. Parents in the other countries did not differ significantly in their beliefs about the necessity of using corporal punishment with boys versus girls.
The next set of analyses focused on how frequently parents had used two types of physical discipline in the last year. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted separately for each country to examine differences by child and parent gender in the frequency with which parents used corporal punishment in the last year.
In these analyses, parent gender was the within-subjects factor and child gender was the between-subjects factor. Overall, the means shown in Tables 3 and 4 indicate fairly infrequent use of physical punishment i. As shown in Table 3 , in seven of the nine countries, mothers reported spanking, slapping, or hitting their target child significantly more frequently than fathers did in the same families. Only in Sweden where any spanking, slapping, or hitting at all was reported by only 5 parents and in Thailand were there no significant differences in the frequency with which mothers and fathers reported spanking, slapping, or hitting their target child.
There was a main effect of child gender in China and Jordan; in both countries, sons were spanked, slapped, or hit more frequently than daughters. With respect to grabbing or shaking the child, mothers reported more frequently using this discipline strategy than fathers did in Colombia and Italy, whereas fathers reported more frequently using this discipline strategy than mothers did in Sweden.
There was a main effect of child gender on frequency of grabbing or shaking in Jordan and the United States; in both countries, boys were grabbed and shaken more frequently than girls. Whether it was a spanking or something more harsh, corporal punishment leaves it marks on kids. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and many other authorities on the matter, corporal punishment causes much more harm than good.
A world map showing the countries that have abolished corporal punishment in all cases. Despite the evidence against the practice, it is entirely legal in the home in all 50 states in America. According to NBC , statues on corporal punishment vary from state to state, but none of them outright outlaw it. Now wonder spanking remains popular. According to a Harris poll , 81 percent of American parents say that spanking a child is sometimes appropriate, and two-thirds of parents report that they have spanked their children in the past.
The laws in permissive states vary quite a bit. The parents must give consent. In-school corporal punishment is allowed in 22 states , according to the US Department of Education, with the vast majority occurring in Texas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia and Tennessee.
Physical punishment is associated with increased child aggression, antisocial behaviour, lower intellectual achievement, poorer quality of parent— child relationships, mental health problems such as depression , and diminished moral internalisation.
Statutes vary from state to state but generally say that the physical punishment must be reasonable or not excessive, although Delaware passed a law in that said it couldn't cause any injury or pain. The Education Code recognizes that teachers and other certificated employees have a responsibility to intervene physically in order to protect students. A teacher may use reasonable force in order to quell a disturbance, protect others, in self-defense or to take possession of weapons.
More than 20 years after corporal punishment was banned in state schools, many teachers said it was acceptable to hit children "in extreme cases". The majority of those backing the cane said it was needed to crackdown on bad behaviour in British schools.
What countries have corporal punishment? Category: family and relationships parenting children aged 4 Many Muslim-majority countries use judicial corporal punishment , such as United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iran, northern Nigeria, Sudan and Yemen, employ judicial whipping or caning for a range of offences. In Indonesia Aceh province only it has recently been introduced for the first time.
Is smacking illegal in Australia? Is corporal punishment justified? Are Push Ups corporal punishment? Why corporal punishment is bad? Is hitting a student illegal in India? Does corporal punishment deter crime? What is the purpose of corporal punishment?
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